GMAT数学统计集合类五大概念解析(配例题)
一、集合
集合(Set,或简称集)是指具有某种特定性质的具体的或抽象的对象汇总而成的集体。其中,构成集合的这些对象则称为该集合的元素。
通常用大写字母如A,B,S,T,...表示集合,而用小写字母如a,b,x,y,...表示集合的元素。若x是集合S的元素,则称x属于S,记为x∈S。若y不是集合S的元素,则称y不属于S,记为y∉S。
交集定义:由属于A且属于B的相同元素组成的集合,记作A∩B(或B∩A),读作“A交B”(或“B交A”),即A∩B={x|x∈A,且x∈B}, 如下图所示。若A包含B,则A∩B=B,A∪B=A。
并集定义:由所有属于集合A或属于集合B的元素所组成的集合,记作A∪B(或B∪A),读作“A并B”(或“B并A”),即A∪B={x|x∈A,或x∈B},如下图所示。
计算公式:
两个集合:A∪B=A+B-A∩B
三个集合:A∪B∪C=A+B+C-A∩B-B∩C-A∩C+A∩B∩C
例题:
Each person who attended a company meeting was either a stockholder in the company, an employee of the company, or both. If 62 percent of those who attended the meeting were stockholders and 47 percent were employees, what percent were stockholders who were not employees?
(A) 34%
(B) 38%
(C) 45%
(D) 53%
(E) 62%
【答案】D
【解析】假设stockholders是A集合,employees是B集合
根据题意A=62%,B=47%,A∪B=100%,根据集合公式A∪B=A+B-A∩B,解得A∩B=9%,那么属于A集合不属于B集合的就是A-A∩B=53%。
二、统计
1、算术平均数
算术平均数(arithmetic mean)是指在一组数据中所有数据之和再除以数据的个数。它是反映数据集中趋势的一项指标。
把n个数的总和除以n,所得的商叫做这n个数的算术平均数。
公式:
例题:
In a certain group of people, the average(arithmetic mean) weight of the males is 180 pounds and of the females, 120 pounds. What is the average weight of the people in the group?
(1)The group contains twice as many females as males.
(2)The group contains 10 more females than males.
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
【答案】A
【解析】假设男女人数分别是m,f,所有人的平均体重是x
根据题意可以列方程180m+120f=(m+f)x
条件1:f=2m,原式化简为180m+240m=3mx,解得x=140,充分;
条件2:f=m+10,原式化简为180m+120(m+10)=(2m+10)x,无法求出x,不充分。
2、中位数
中位数(又称中值,Median)是按顺序排列的一组数据中居于中间位置的数,即在这组数据中,有一半的数据比他大,有一半的数据比他小。
计算有限个数的数据的中位数的方法是:把所有的同类数据按照大小的顺序排列。如果数据的个数是奇数,则中间那个数据就是这群数据的中位数;如果数据的个数是偶数,则中间那2个数据的算术平均值就是这群数据的中位数。
例题:
What is the median number of employees assigned per project for the projects at Company Z?
(1) 25 percent of the projects at Company Z have 4 or more employees assigned to each project.
(2) 35 percent of the projects at Company Z have 2 or fewer employees assigned to each project.
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
【答案】C
【解析】
条件1:有25%的数据大于等于4,说明中位数小于4,但是其余75%的数据具体多大未知,不充分;
条件2:有35%的数据小于等于2,说明中位数大于2,但是其余65%的数据具体多大未知,,不充分;
结合:由于项目的人数只能是整数,那么中位数就满足大于2小于4,只能是3,充分。
3、极差
极差又称范围误差或全距(Range),以R表示,是用来表示统计资料中的变异量数(measures of variation),其最大值与最小值之间的差距,即最大值减最小值后所得之数据。
例题:
What is the median of the data set S that consists of the integers 17, 29, 10, 26, 15, and x?
(1)The average (arithmetic mean) of S is 17.
(2)The range of S is 24.
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
【答案】A
【解析】这组数据是10,15,17,26,29,x
条件1:(10+15+17+26+29+x)/6=17,x=5,中位数=16,充分;
条件2:若x是最小值29-x=24,解得x=5,中位数=16;若x是最大值x-10=24,解得x=34,中位数=21.5,不充分。
4、众数
众数(Mode)是一组数据中出现次数最多的数值,有时众数在一组数中有好几个。用 M 表示。
例题:
A certain list, L, contains a total of n numbers, not necessarily distinct that are arranged in increasing order.If is the list consisting of the first
numbers in L and
is the list consisting of the last
numbers in L ,is 17 a mode for L ?
(1)、17 is a mode for , and 17 is a mode for
(2)、
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
【答案】A
【解析】题干:list L中的n个数按从小到大排列,是前
个数,
是后
个数,求L的众数是不是17?
条件1:和
的众数都是17,由于整个list L是从小到大排列的,所以如果
和
之间还有数字,也只能全都是17,所以17是L的众数,充分;
条件2:说明在和
之间没有数字了,但无法求出众数,不充分。
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